The History of Sao Paulo

Sà £o Paulo, Brazil is the largest city in Latin America, edging out runner-up Mexico City by a couple of million inhabitants. It has a long and interesting history, including serving as home base for the infamous Bandeirantes. Foundation The first European settler in the area was Joà £o Ramalho, a Portuguese sailor who had been shipwrecked. He was the first to explore the area of present-day Sà £o Paulo. Like many cities in Brazil, Sà £o Paulo was founded by Jesuit Missionaries. Sà £o Paulo dos Campos de Piratininga was established in 1554 as a mission to convert Guainà ¡s natives to Catholicism. In 1556-1557 the Jesuits built the first school in the region. The town was strategically located, being between the ocean and fertile lands to the west, and it is also on the Tietà ª River. It became an official city in 1711. Bandeirantes In the early years of Sà £o Paulo, it became the home base for the Bandeirantes, which were explorers, slavers, and prospectors who explored the interior of Brazil. In this remote corner of the Portuguese Empire, there was no law, so ruthless men would explore the uncharted swamps, mountains and rivers of Brazil taking whatever they wanted, be it native slaves, precious metals or stones. Some of the more ruthless Bandeirantes, such as Antonio Rapà ´so Tavares (1598-1658), would even sack and burn Jesuit missions and enslave the natives who lived there. The Bandeirantes explored a great deal of the Brazilian interior, but at a high cost: thousands, if not millions of natives, were killed and enslaved in their raids.​​ Gold and Sugar Gold was discovered in the state of Minas Gerais at the end of the seventeenth century, and subsequent explorations discovered precious stones there as well. The gold boom was felt in Sà £o Paulo, which was a gateway to Minas Gerais. Some of the profits were invested in sugarcane plantations, which were quite profitable for a time. Coffee and Immigration Coffee was introduced to Brazil in 1727 and has been a crucial part of the Brazilian economy ever since. Sà £o Paulo was one of the first cities to benefit from the coffee boom, becoming a center for coffee commerce in the nineteenth century. The coffee boom attracted Sà £o Paulo’s first major wave of foreign immigrants after 1860, mostly poor Europeans (particularly Italians, Germans, and Greeks) seeking work, although they were soon followed by a number of Japanese, Arabs, Chinese, and Koreans. When slavery was outlawed in 1888, the need for workers only grew. Sà £o Paulo’s considerable Jewish community also was established around this time. By the time the coffee boom fizzled in the early 1900s, the city had already branched out into other industries. Independence Sà £o Paulo was important in the Brazilian independence movement. The Portuguese Royal Family had moved to Brazil in 1807, fleeing Napoleon’s armies, establishing a royal court from which they ruled Portugal (at least theoretically: in reality, Portugal was ruled by Napoleon) as well as Brazil and other Portuguese holdings. The Royal family moved back to Portugal in 1821 after the defeat of Napoleon, leaving eldest son Pedro in charge of Brazil. The Brazilians were soon angered by their return to colony status, and Pedro agreed with them. On September 7, 1822, in Sà £o Paulo, he declared Brazil independent and himself Emperor. Turn of the Century Between the coffee boom and wealth coming from mines in the interior of the country, Sà £o Paulo soon became the richest city and province in the nation. Railroads were built, connecting it to the other important cities. By the turn of the century, important industries were making their base in Sà £o Paulo, and the immigrants kept pouring in. By then, Sà £o Paulo was attracting immigrants not only from Europe and Asia but from within Brazil as well: poor, uneducated workers from the Brazilian northeast flooded into Sà £o Paulo looking for work. The 1950s Sà £o Paulo benefited greatly from the industrialization initiatives developed during the administration of Juscelino Kubitschek (1956-1961). During his time, the automotive industry grew, and it was centered in Sà £o Paulo. One of the workers in the factories in the 1960s and 1970s was none other than Luiz Inà ¡cio Lula da Silva, who would go on to become president. Sà £o Paulo continued to grow, both in terms of population and influence. Sà £o Paulo also became the most important city for business and commerce in Brazil. Sà £o Paulo Today Sà £o Paulo has matured into a culturally diverse city, powerful economically and politically. It continues to be the most important city in Brazil for business and industry and lately has been discovering itself culturally and artistically as well. It has always been on the cutting edge of art and literature and continues to be home to many artists and writers. It is an important city for music as well, as many popular musicians are from there. The people of Sà £o Paulo are proud of their multicultural roots: the immigrants who populated the city and worked in its factories are gone, but their descendants have kept their traditions and Sà £o Paulo is a very diverse city.

Organization theory- learning journal Example

Essays on Organization theory- learning journal Article Organization Theory – Learning Journal: Organizations as Brains and Social Domination Organizations as Brains and Social Domination In an article entitled â€Å"Leading Brain-Like Organizations: Toward Synthesis And Practical Guidelines† written by Tatevik Avetyan, an Honors College Theses published online by the Pforzheimer Honors College on 2006 proffered pertinent issues relative to the metaphor that sees organizations as brains. Avetyan (2006) presented a comparative analysis between the human brain and an organization. From among the similarities between the human brain and organizations noted, the following are noteworthy: â€Å"the human brain is an open social system; it requires proper collection and analysis of information; and it is comprised of units and subunits that perform unique functions† (Avetyan, 2006, p. 13). Likewise, it was also emphasized that just like organizations, â€Å"the human brain is a well-balanced structure in terms of differentiation and integration; centralization and decentralization; standardization and mutual adjustment† (Avetyan, 2006, p. 13). Concurre ntly, on the disparities side, the author indicated areas such as flexibility, structure, and degrees of competitiveness and cohesiveness. The summarized comparative analysis appears below: Similarities and Differences between Organizational and Brain Structure Similarities 1. Organizations and Brains are mechanisms for information-processing. 2. Organizations and Brains are networks. 3. Organizations and Brains are designed with varying degrees of differentiation and integration, centralization and formalization. 4. Organizations and Brains have both mechanistic and organic characteristics. Differences 1. Organizations tend to be more flexible whereas Brains tend to be more rigid. 2. Organizations have taller hierarchical structure whereas Brains have flatter structure. 3. Organizations have more internal competition whereas Brains have team cohesiveness. Source: Avetyan, 2006, p. 17 This is an very informative and comprehensive article that compares an organization to the human brain. Likewise, through actual case studies of organizations such as Microsoft and Enron, the author tried to apply the research hypotheses and effectively concluded that â€Å"structure ensures an entity’s success or failure as evidenced by the human brain†¦ more and more organizations must become more â€Å"brain-like†, that is, be able to adopt the correct type of structure† (Avetyan, 2006, p. 24). In terms of seeing the organization as a process of domination, the paper written by Xavier Leflaive entitled â€Å"Organizations as Structures of Domination† and published in the Sage Journals in 1996 discussed areas that touched on descriptors of power, domination, hierarchy, reflexivity, surveillance, and critical theory. The article was likewise published online by the CBS Interactive Resource Library. Consistent with the information that were discussed in the course, organizations were seen as vehicles of operating for the selfish interests of achieving the goals of a few at the expense of many. (Leflaive, 1996). As emphasized by Leflaive, â€Å"organizations are best portrayed as structures of domination, where power and domination refer to a collective capacity to act. They are fragile, transient accomplishments, momentarily concentrating resources for collective action† (p. 1). The author likewise stressed the study was part of a comprehensive research which de picts the organization as reflective social systems (Leflaive, 1996, p. 1). It likewise manifests its existence as part of the society where its operations influence and are influenced by external factors that either strengthen or limit their operations and existence. References Avetyan, T. (2006). Leading Brain-Like Organizations: Toward Synthesis And Practical Guidelines. Retrieved June 11, 2012, from digitalcommons.pace.edu: http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1038context=honorscollege_thesessei-redir=1referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com.ph%2Furl%3Fsa%3Dt%26rct%3Dj%26q%3Dorganizations%2Bas%2Bbrains%26source%3Dweb%26cd%3D8%26ved%3D0CG0QFjAH%26url%3Dht Leflaive, X. (1996, January). Organizations as Structures of Domination. Retrieved June 11, 2012, from Sage Journals: http://oss.sagepub.com/content/17/1/23.abstract or http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m4339/is_n1_v17/ai_18347915/

Questioning the Law Essay Example For Students

Questioning the Law Essay Throughout the course of human history, people have advanced technology and educated minds in ways that once would not have seemed impossible. From caves drawings to televisions and from the bow and arrow to the machine gun, humans have continually improved their standard of living over the years. Although we now have all sorts of things people could only dream of a thousand years ago, we still live like cavemen in many ways. One of these ways is our contempt refusal to tolerate severe injustice at many levels of society. Just like most problems, injustice starts at the top, and often starts with the people that are supposed to be preventing it. Corrupt police officers and law agencies have been sifting through the sieve of true justice for years, and continue to do so today. From Hitlers horrifying Gestapo police of the 1940s to the more recent beating of Rodney King, police officers have abused their powers like a broken record. Police have engaged in unjustified shootings, severe beatings, fatal chokings, and unnecessarily rough treatment of citizens in rural and urban areas from New York to Los Angeles. Just as the founders of our great nation stood to face the British in the 18th century, and just as our forefathers fought to free us from the shackles of slavery, we must now fight to ensure that our democracy is not tainted by the practice of unjust or discriminatory law. Drunk Ohio Cop Found Passed Out (Drunk) In Burger King Drive-Thru. This was a headline on CNN.com on February 21, 2005. This kind of story serves as an example that not all of our police officers are as moral as they claim to be. The most disturbing part of this story wasnt that this police veteran was found intoxicated in his dispatch car, its that this man had the power of our law behind him for years before this happened. Many of the thousands of laws that help police officers do things like pull you over for no legitimate reason, or come into your house without probable cause, were constructed for just these purposes. This fact goes hand in hand with a quote from Tacitus, a famous Roman historian and philosopher, the more corrupt the state, the more numerous the laws. Police officers sometimes lack a crucial prerequisite for their job, common sense. Instead of getting drug dealers and other dangerous criminals off the streets, they are often seen in packs of three to five investigating events like fireworks in the dorms, or streakers. Underage drinking is another favorite for police officers. Packs of police officers love to flock to areas where potential underage drinkers are suspected of gathering. This is especially evident on college campuses, where it is inevitable that underage kids will drink. Is it really necessary for three officers to approach and arrest a kid who has had a few drinks and is walking home from a party? These kids are of no danger to anyone but themselves. It is our right as Americans and as human beings to make our own choices, and as long as we arent causing any trouble or endangering other people, we shouldnt have to worry about being harassed by brainless law enforcement officials. Although it may sound grim, I believe there is a brighter future for law enforcement. Looking at history shows us that the trend of injustice in the police department has slowly declined over time. There are thousands of competent and intelligent police officers throughout our country, and I hope that this majority will continue to grow.Just as we must question our government in order to ensure that it flourishes, we must also question the law. Not only must we question it, we must learn it. We must learn about the rights that we possess, and we cant be afraid to act on these rights when the time comes. .u20066038367bda41500c6f581a421e31 , .u20066038367bda41500c6f581a421e31 .postImageUrl , .u20066038367bda41500c6f581a421e31 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u20066038367bda41500c6f581a421e31 , .u20066038367bda41500c6f581a421e31:hover , .u20066038367bda41500c6f581a421e31:visited , .u20066038367bda41500c6f581a421e31:active { border:0!important; } .u20066038367bda41500c6f581a421e31 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u20066038367bda41500c6f581a421e31 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u20066038367bda41500c6f581a421e31:active , .u20066038367bda41500c6f581a421e31:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u20066038367bda41500c6f581a421e31 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u20066038367bda41500c6f581a421e31 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u20066038367bda41500c6f581a421e31 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u20066038367bda41500c6f581a421e31 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u20066038367bda41500c6f581a421e31:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u20066038367bda41500c6f581a421e31 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u20066038367bda41500c6f581a421e31 .u20066038367bda41500c6f581a421e31-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u20066038367bda41500c6f581a421e31:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Creation Vs Evolution Essay Knowing our rights and properly using laws that we have made for ourselves are our duties and responsibilities as citizens of this country. So the next time you get pulled over without speeding or you are unjustly accused of something, make sure you know your rights, and most importantly stand up for them.